`SPARC/IOC/GAW`

`Assessment of Trends in the Vertical Distribution of Ozone`

`May 1998`

Edited by N. Harris, R. Hudson and C. Phillips

SPARC Report No.1. WMO Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report No. 43

Chapter 1. Characteristics of Ozone Data Sources Used for Trend Identification
Lead Authors : David Hofmann, Clive Rodgers

1.1 Introduction
1.2 SAGE
- 1.2.1. SAGE I/II Basic Measurement Description
- 1.2.2. SAGE II Measurement spatial and spectral resolution
- 1.2.3. SAGE II sampling
- 1.2.4. SAGE II instrument error sources
- 1.2.5. Corrections Needed to Link SAGE I and SAGE II
- 1.2.6. SAGE II Algorithm description
- 1.2.7. SAGE II Error and retrieval characterisation
- 1.2.8. SAGE II Outstanding problems and future plans
- 1.2.9. SAGE Error Analysis Summary
1.3 HALOE
- 1.3.1. Basic Measurement Description
- 1.3.2. Measurement Spatial and Spectral Resolution
- 1.3.3. Sampling Strategy
- 1.3.4. Instrument Error Sources
- 1.3.5. HALOE Algorithm
- 1.3.6. Error Mechanisms and Characteristics
- 1.3.7. Outstanding Problems and Future Plans
1.4 Microwave Limb Sounder
- 1.4.1. Measurement Description
- 1.4.2. Measurement Resolution
- 1.4.3. Sampling
- 1.4.4. Instrument Error Sources
- 1.4.5. Algorithm Description
- 1.4.6. Error and Retrieval Characterisation
- 1.4.7. Outstanding Problems and Future Plans
1.5 SBUV and SBUV2
- 1.5.1. Basic Measurement Description
- 1.5.2. Instrument Calibration
- 1.5.3. SSBUV Calibration Validation for SBUV2
- 1.5.4. SBUV Algorithms
- 1.5.5. Algorithm Errors
- 1.5.6. Solar Zenith Angle Effects
- 1.5.7. SBUV Error Summary
1.6 Lidar
- 1.6.1. Principle of the lidar and the DIAL technique
- 1.6.2. Description of ozone lidar systems
- 1.6.3. Description of the measurement and sampling strategy
- 1.6.4. Ozone retrieval from the lidar signals
- 1.6.5. Accuracy and vertical resolution of the measurement
- 1.6.7. Conclusion
1.7 Umkehr
- 1.7.1. Umkehr basic measurement description
- 1.7.2. Measurement spectral and spatial resolution
- 1.7.3. Sampling strategy
- 1.7.4. Instrument error sources
- 1.7.5. Umkehr Algorithm Description
- 1.7.6. Error and Retrieval Characterisation
- 1.7.7. Outstanding Problems and Future Plans
1.8 Ozonesondes
- 1.8.1. Basic Measurement Description
- 1.8.2. Observational Program and Sampling Strategy
- 1.8.3. Calculation of the ozone profile
- 1.8.4. Factors influencing the determination of trends
- 1.8.5. Characteristics of Individual Station Records
- 1.8.6. Conclusions
1.9 Summary and Conclusions
1.10 References

Chapter 2. Ozone Data Quality Lead Authors : James M. Russell III, Herman G. J. Smit

2.1 Introduction
2.2 General Issues
- 2.2.1. Strategy for Intercomparison Analyses
- 2.2.2. Effects of Viewing Geometry and Vertical Resolution
- 2.2.3. Altitude to Pressure Conversion Issues
- 2.2.4. Space and Time Sampling Questions
- 2.2.5. The Use of Dynamical Techniques in Ozone Data Validation
2.3 SAGE Data Use Considerations
- 2.3.1. Aerosol Effects On SAGE II Ozone Data Quality
- 2.3.2. SAGE I Data Validation Studies
2.4 SAGE II Intercomparison Analysis
- 2.4.1. Ozonesonde
- 2.4.2. Lidar
- 2.4.3. Umkehr
- 2.4.4. SBUV2 and SBUV
- 2.4.5. HALOE
- 2.4.6. Intercomparison of SAGE II and HALOE Retrievals Using Dynamical Mapping Techniques
- 2.4.7. SAGE II Comparisons Against MLS and HALOE
- 2.4.8. Short Term Intercomparisons
2.5 Ozonesonde Analyses
- 2.5.1. Introduction
- 2.5.2. Laboratory studies: Jülich Ozone Sonde Intercomparison Experiment
- 2.5.3. Dedicated Short Term Ozonesonde Intercomparison Campaigns
- 2.5.4. Ozonesonde Comparison Studies in the Troposphere
- 2.5.5. Ozonesonde Comparison Studies in the Stratosphere
- 2.5.6. Summary and Conclusions
2.6 SBUV and UMKEHR Analyses
- 2.6.1. Introduction
- 2.6.2. SBUV and Umkehr Time Series
- 2.6.3. Regression Analysis Results
- 2.6.4. Summary and Conclusions
2.7 Summary and Recommendations
- 2.7.1. Important Questions Addressed
- 2.7.2. Conclusions and Recommendations
2.8 References

Chapter 3. Ozone Change as a Function of Altitude Lead Authors : Richard Stolarski, William Randel

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Description of data sets
- 3.2.1. Ozonesondes
- 3.2.2. Umkehr
- 3.2.3. SAGE
- 3.2.4. TOMS
- 3.2.5. SBUV
3.3 Comparison of Statistical Models
- 3.3.1. Objectives
- 3.3.2. Sample Data Sets
- 3.3.3. Example Statistical Model
- 3.3.4. Seasonal issues
- 3.3.5. Autocorrelation
- 3.3.6. Trend term
- 3.3.7. Seasonal weighting
- 3.3.8. Intercomparisons
- 3.3.9. TOMS test data set
- 3.3.10. Uccle test data set
- 3.3.11. SAGE test data set
- 3.3.12. Effect of neglecting solar, QBO and other terms
- 3.3.13. Conclusions and implications
3.4 Natural and forced variations in ozone
- 3.4.1. Solar Cycle
- 3.4.2. Aerosol Effects
- 3.4.3. Quasi-biennial Oscillation
- 3.4.4. Dynamical Proxies
3.5 Trend Results
- 3.5.1. Upper stratosphere
- 3.5.2. Lower stratosphere
- 3.5.3. Troposphere
- 3.5.4. Integral and column ozone
3.6 Combined Trend and Uncertainty Estimate
3.7 Summary
3.8 References
3.9 Appendix

Appendices

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Stratospheric Processes And their Role in Climate A project of the World Climate Research Programme

SPARC/IOC/GAW

Assessment of Trends in the Vertical Distribution of Ozone

May 1998

Contents

`Stratospheric` `Processes` `And their` `Role in` `ClimateA project of the` `World Climate Research Programme`

`SPARC/IOC/GAW`

`Assessment of Trends in the Vertical Distribution of Ozone`

`May 1998`