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2. Model

The model used in this study is a three dimensional global primitive-equation model with a resolution of T21L42. The seasonal cycle is included by Newtonian-type thermal relaxation toward a radiative equilibrium state which varies in time with an annual cycle. The model has other simplified physical processes; dry atmosphere with no moist processes, Rayleigh friction at the surface, and so on.

A sinusoidal surface topography of zonal wavenumber one is included. In the parameter sweep experiment, 100-year integrations are performed by changing the amplitude h0 of the topography from 0 m to 3000 m for 10 runs as an experimental parameter. In the millennium integrations, on the other hand, 1000-year integrations are done for two runs (h0 = 500 m and 1000 m) selected in the parameter sweep experiment, which have correspondence to the real atmosphere (SH and NH, respectively) in the stratospheric interannual variability.